Este trabajo propone analizar los avances en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional de Brasil sobre el control de constitucionalidad de la norma que establece la prohibición de donación de sangre de hombres que hayan tenido relaciones sexuales con otros hombres. La necesidad de ampliación de donadores de sangre por causa de la pandemia de COVID-19 desencadenó un proceso de presión social por parte de instituciones democráticas y de organizaciones no gubernamentales, que culminó con la votación de la ADI 5543 y (...) con la aplicación interna de los principios de igualdad y no discriminación y de normas internacionales de derechos humanos. (shrink)

What can neuroscience offer to educators? Much of the debate has focused on whether basic research on the brain can translate into direct applications within the classroom. Accompanying ethical concern has centered on whether neuroeducation has made empty promises to educators. Relatively little investigation has been made into educators’ expectations regarding neuroscience research and how they might find it professionally useful. In order to address this question, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 educators who were repeat attendees of the Learning (...) & the Brain conferences. Responses suggest that ‘brain based’ pedagogical strategies are not all that is sought; indeed, respondents were more often drawn to the conference out of curiosity about the brain than a desire to gain new teaching methods. Of those who reported that research had influenced their classroom practice, most did not distinguish between neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Responses indicated that learning about neuroscience can help educators maintain patience, optimism and professionalism with their students, increase their credibility with colleagues and parents, and renew their sense of professional purpose. While not necessarily representative of the entire population, these themes indicate that current research in neuroscience can have real relevance to educators’ work. Future ethical discussions of neuroeducation should take into account this broader range of motivations and benefits. (shrink)

A implementação de tecnologias móveis de informação e comunicação no suporte à Saúde Mental tem atraído a atenção das autoridades. Com a ascensão das Inteligências Artificiais, esse movimento pode ser impulsionado de maneira exponencial. Nesse cenário, esta revisão tem como objetivos verificar a aplicabilidade das Inteligências Artificiais (IAs) na Saúde Mental e analisar os aspectos que favorecem a relação entre IAs e usuários. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, no período (...) de 25 de maio a 23 de junho de 2023. Selecionamos os 100 primeiros artigos mais relevantes com as palavras-chave: “Inteligência Artificial”, “Saúde Mental”, “Chatbots”, “Psicoterapia”, “Psicologia” e suas equivalentes em inglês. Os critérios de inclusão foram: acesso aberto, publicação a partir de 2018, em português ou inglês e menção à atuação de IAs no âmbito da Saúde Mental. Para reduzir o risco de viés, excluímos os estudos que não mensuraram o impacto das intervenções por meio de métodos experimentais ou quase-experimentais. Para a síntese dos dados, delimitaram-se alguns pontos específicos de análise, como “Resultado da intervenção”, “Aspectos que favorecem a relação”, entre outros. Atenderam aos critérios de inclusão 24 estudos, dos quais 17 apresentaram resultados positivos em suas intervenções. O uso de IAs na Saúde Mental possui grande potencial de expansão e os resultados obtidos neste trabalho podem guiar a implementação dessas práticas e futuras pesquisas na área. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende analisar as interfaces da produção científica feminina no início do século XX com a constituição do espaço psi no Brasil, utilizando para tanto um artigo do periódico católico "A Ordem" e uma tese da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro. Para sermos mais precisos, nosso recor..

Background Q-CEP (Qualificação dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa que compõem o Sistema CEP/Conep) is a nationwide project resulting from a partnership between the Brazilian National Research Ethics Commission (Conep), the Ministry of Health and Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV). It was developed to consolidate policy for ethical review of research with human beings in all members of the CEP/Conep System, Brazil’s national system of institutional review boards. The aim of this study was therefore to report on the experience and (...) results of the Q-CEP project. Methods An observational, retrospective study includes data from the Q-CEP, obtained from visits to all the institutional research ethics committees (RECs) in the country. The actions implemented by Q-CEP were part of a two-step process: (i) training visits to each REC; (ii) development of distance learning modules on strategic topics pertaining to research ethics evaluation. The data presented herein cover step one (training visits), defined by Q-CEP as the diagnostic stage of the project. For a country with social and economics inequalities such as Brazil, this is a particularly important stage; an accurate picture of reality is needed to inform planning of quality improvement strategies. Results In 2019–2021, Q-CEP visited 832 RECs and trained 11,197 people. This sample covered almost all active RECs in the country; only 4 (0.5%) were not evaluated. Of the 94 items evaluated, 62% did not reach the target of at least 80% compliance and around 1/4 (26%) were below 50% compliance. The diagnostic stage of the process revealed inadequacies on the part of the RECs in their ethical reviews. The analysis of informed consent forms showed compliance in only 131 RECs (15.74%). The description of pending issues made by RECs in their reports was compliant in 19.33% (n = 161). Administrative and operational aspects were also considered inadequate by more than half of the RECs. Conclusions Overall, Brazilian RECs showed poor compliance in several aspects of their operation, both in ethics evaluation and in other processes, which justifies additional training. The Q-CEP project is part of a quality improvement policy promoted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The data obtained in the diagnostic step of the project have contributed to the qualification and consolidation of one of the world’s largest research ethics evaluation systems. (shrink)

This study examines the effects of transformational, transactional, and non-transactional leadership on hotel employees’ outcomes including extra effort, perceived efficiency, and satisfaction with managers. Employees from eleven 4-star hotels in Spain provided the collected data. A series of statistical analyses identify the elements of three leadership styles using a multi-factor leadership questionnaire ; examine the effect of leadership styles on employees’ outcomes. The results of this study indicate that “idealized attributes” of transformational leadership and “contingent reward” from transactional leadership are (...) the most important factors that positively affect all three outcomes ; and to assess the moderating effect of different types of ownership of hotel properties on the relationship between styles of leadership and outcomes of employees’ activities other than these two elements, the significant factors indicating positive or negative relationships vary depending on the types of individual outcomes as well as ownership of hotel properties. The discussion sections indicate theoretical and practical implications of the findings. (shrink)

Este artigo objetivou adaptar a Escala de Altruismo Autoinformado (EAA), reunindo evidencias de sua validade de construto. Realizaram-se dois estudos em Joao Pessoa (PB), nos quais os participantes responderam a EAA e perguntas demograficas. No Estudo 1 participaram 331estudantes universitarios com ..

El propósito de este texto es hacer un análisis de las actuales teorías de las emociones de Agnes Heller, Martha Nussbaum y Peter Hacker y los argumentos que proponen para rehabilitar las emociones dentro del campo moral y político. Para cumplir con este objetivo, primero, se analizan los argumentos que los tres filósofos proponen para sustentar la idea de que las emociones son importantes para la supervivencia y el desarrollo de la vida humana. Segundo, se explica lo que quieren (...) decir los autores al definir las emociones como fenómenos cognitivos. Tercero, se muestra la incidencia de la sociedad y la cultura en el aprendizaje y en la vivencia de las emociones. A partir de estas aclaraciones previas, la cuarta sección está dedicada a mostrar más precisamente el entretejimiento entre emociones, moral y política. Se concluye que a pesar de las diferencias conceptuales y metodológicas que existen entre los tres filósofos, su obra permite trazar coincidencias y complementaciones que dan un sólido sustento a la tesis de que las emociones son imprescindibles para la vida humana y su comportamiento moral y político. También que los resultados de esta puesta en diálogo son un marco conceptual que puede orientar trabajos más específicos sobre la relación del mundo afectivo y el mundo social y político. (shrink)

Beginning with this issue, the "Review Essays" section of the journal has been renamed "Critical Assessments." The new name more accurately describes not only the content of the section but also the journal's methods of assessment. Submissions to the section are peer reviewed; published essays are catalogued and indexed like the rest of the content of Perspectives in Biology and Medicine.Where many journals publish reviews on the assets and liabilities of newly published books, the Critical Assessments section of Perspectives in (...) Biology and Medicine aims for robust, engaging essays, written in an informal style about important new books, and also about important new articles. Books are a typical means of publishing... (shrink)

Anthologies of photographs are indexed by photographer, subject, and named individuals in portraits.

Descrevem-se, neste estudo de revisão, as principais posições teórico-epistemológicas, políticas e ideológicas do conceito de gênero em suas inscrições históricas. Apresentam-se o clássico sistema sexo-gênero, as críticas pós-estruturalistas às concepções binárias e biologicistas de gênero, bem como..

New York Film Festival 2000 offered a selected group of internationally and aesthetically diverse films. No trend emerged in the heterogeneous collection of offerings. The spectrum of offerings included both commercially viable and art house genres: the musical, the slice of life, the bio-pic, the meditation on history, the melodrama, the historical/political film, and the classics-on-film tour de force. Herewith a report on eight highlights of NYFF's program: seven beauties and a funeral, though not in that order.

The 40th annual New York Film Festival was framed by the refusal of the United States government to grant Iranian filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami a visa to attend the screening of his film, _Ten_. In protest Finnish director Aki Kaurismaki, whose apolitical film _The Man Without a Past_ was also on the Festival program, decided not to attend. A week or so into the Festival, Bertrand Tavernier found himself unable to attend his press conference after the screening of his highly political (...) film, _Safe Conduct_, because he was in the hospital. He sent a letter to the Festival apologizing for his absence which made it clear that he had wanted, in addition to discussing his film, to make his own statement about the insult to Kiarostami. Tavernier saluted Kaurismaki for his gesture, but said that his way was to be present at the Festival to raise his voice. Tavernier specifically called attention to the bitter irony of lumping Kiarostami with the Arab terrorists and with Saddam Hussein, only because of his national origin, when the Iranian director had devoted his life to affirming the values of freedom and condemning dictatorship. (shrink)

This year there was a noticeable presence at the New York Film Festival, whether intentionally or not, of films reflecting back on the past, both real and imagined. A second wave of millennial summing up, more profound than that forced by the media in the year 2000, these films, at their best, seek with courage and compassion to understand the larger forces at work in the troubled 20th century. At their worst, they stand as work riddled by self-deluding cliches in (...) collusion with our own worst impulses. Among the number of 'films of remembrance' shown, those that demand to be discussed because they best exemplify the ongoing struggle to make cinema responsive to the needs of filmgoing audiences to know reality 'again for the first time' (pace T. S. Eliot) are, in a rough order of importance: _S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine_ (Dir. Rithy Pan); _The Fog of War_ (Dir. Errol Morris); _Dogville_ (Dir. Lars von Trier); _Mayor of the Sunset Strip_ (Dir. George Hickenlooper); _Bright Leaves_ (Dir. Ross McElwee); and _The Best of Youth_ (Dir. Marco Tullio Giordana). Alas, among the NYFF 2003 films of memory and summation, it is also necessary to discuss _Mystic River_ (Dir. Clint Eastwood), but only because of its inexplicable media notoriety, a sad testimony to a Dubya phenomenon in things cinematic. This is one hanging chad. Among the festival films not informed by this core trend, but eminently worthy of mention, are: _PTU_ (Dir. Johnnie To); _Free Radicals_ (Dir. Barbara Albert); _Crimson Gold_ (Dir. Jafar Panahi); and _Raja_ (Dir. Jacques Doillon), though, unhappily, it would strain this portmanteau overview to talk in detail about more than the first two. (shrink)

The New York Film Festival at Lincoln Center this year sported a particularly felicitous array of films. While the NYFF is always helpful in breaking down the barriers erected against international imports that are not considered commercial, the 2004 festival did more than permit contact with a wealth of international film cultures. The aggregate of a wide variety of films posed with particular force the primary question addressed by all film festivals: what can cinema do.

Resumen Los estudiantes universitarios pueden contribuir a la calidad de la democracia de su país en la medida en que aprendan a distinguir cómo la corrupción se instala en su práctica cotidiana, la combatan y se comprometan a estar atentos a la honestidad de sus acciones y la veracidad de su discurso. Describimos las implicaciones de comprender a la democracia como gobierno por discusión y pasamos a proponer a la razón pública como el sine qua non de una democracia que (...) busca hacer justicia social y que requiere ciudadanos dispuestos a debatir ideas con honestidad y rigor crítico, con debates públicos y pasión por la verdad. Estas ideas las contrastamos con los hallazgos de una encuesta sobre corrupción aplicada anualmente a estudiantes universitarios.University students maj contribute to the quality of democracy in their country to the extent that they learn to distinguish how corruption is part of their day-to-day practices, they combat it and commit themselves to be attentive regarding the honesty of their actions and the veracity of their discourse. We describe the implications of understanding democracy as government by discussion; we then propose public reason as the sine qua non of a democracy that seeks social justice and requires citizens willing to debate ideas honestly, rigorously, and critically, in public debates and with a passion for the truth. We contrast these ideas with the findings from a yearly survey of university students. (shrink)

Our results support the idea that adults have access to the principles and parameters of Universal Grammar (UG), contrary to Epstein et al.'s misrepresentation of our work as involvingpartial access toUG. For both LI and L2 acquisition, functional projections appear to develop in a gradual fashion, but in L2 acquisition there ispartial transferin that the lowest projection (VP) is transferred from the speaker's LI.

This paper explores Victoria Welby's fundamental assumption of meaning process (“semiosis” sensu Peirce) as translation, and some implications for the development of a general model of intersemiotic translation.

Martha Nussbuam is one of the most prolific and original philosophers working today. Influenced by ancient philosophy, she has written on the relationship between fiction, the emotions and moral reasoning. With Amartya Sen she developed the capabilities approach to human well-being, which helped shape the UN’s Human Development Index. She is Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago.

We perform an experimental investigation using a dictator game in which individuals must make a moral decision —to give or not to give an amount of money to poor people in the Third World. A questionnaire in which the subjects are asked about the reasons for their decision shows that, at least in this case, moral motivations carry a heavy weight in the decision: the majority of dictators give the money for reasons of a consequentialist nature. Based on the results (...) presented here and of other analogous experiments, we conclude that dicator behavior can be understood in terms of moral distance rather than social distance and that it systematically deviates from the egoism assumption in economic models and game theory. (shrink)

O autor Darlei Dall’Agnol é formado em Filosofia pela Universidade de Caxias do sul e cursou mestrado em Filosofia na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, com uma dissertação sobre ética e linguagem em Wittgestein; fez Doutorado em Filosofia na Universidade de Bristol, Inglaterra, defendendo tese sobre valor intrínseco na ética de Moore. Publicou vários livros na área de Ética e possui inúmeros artigos e capítulos de livros publicados no Brasil e no exterior. Algumas das obras desse autor são: (...) Ética e Linguagem: uma Introdução ao Tractatus de Wittgenstein, Valor Intrínseco – Metaética, ética normativa e ética prática em G. E. Moore, ambas com publicação em 2005. (shrink)

In this volume based on her 2014 Locke Lectures, Martha C. Nussbaum provides a bracing new view that strips the notion of forgiveness down to its Judeo-Christian roots, where it was structured by the moral relationship between a score-keeping God and penitent, self-abasing, and erring mortals.